INDUSTRY, FOREIGN TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMETRIC MODELS OF EUROPE AND NORTH AMERICA, 1965-2003
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We compare several econometric models of Western Europe, Central Europe, the United States, Canada and Mexico in order to analyze the impact of foreign trade and industry on development Regarding the positive effects of foreign trade it is important to notice that they are more due to the positive role of imports from the supply side than to the effect of exports from the demand side, although both sides are relevant. The main benefit from increasing exports is usually to increase the capacity to import intermediate inputs and other goods and services which are necessary or help to foster economic development in the domestic market. There are many studies which show the positive effects of exports but very few focused on the role of imports, and this study contributes in this regard.. On the other hand the analysis of industrial contribution to the non industrial sectors is twofold: directly providing intermediate and capital goods to non industrial sectors and indirectly increasing exports and the capacity to import foreign inputs which contribute to domestic production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".