BLACK NANOFLUIDS FOR SOLAR ABSORPTION ON THE BASIS OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE TREATED CARBON PARTICLES
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study the effect of carbon black nanoparticles concentration in water and propylene glycol based nanofluids on the solar energy absorbance has been studied. These nanofluids have been obtained by preliminary treatment of the used carbon particles with H 2 O 2 , heating and magnetic stirring. This pretreatment alters their wettability, sticking and surface adsorption, which permits the producing of stable nanofluids. Transmittance and extinction coefficients of these carbon black nanofluids have been estimated in the visible range. The optimal concentration of the carbon particles (0.2 g dm -3 for both dispersion media has been determined. The extinction coefficients for water-based fluids are slightly higher than those for the propylene glycol based ones. Their values slightly decrease with wavelength. Solar transmittance mean values in the visible spectrum indicate that the investigated fluids have a high potential for solar energy conversion. Such a good efficiency has also been established for solar radiation absorption in a wider wavelength range (200-2500 nm). Photothermal experiments of the studied carbon black nanofluids show a good temperature increase rate with solar irradiation time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".