Kitasu Hill: a Late-Pleistocene volcano, Swindle Island, British Columbia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Kitasu Hill is a small volcano on an outer island of coastal of British Columbia and is one of a group of the four late Quaternary-aged cinder cones peripheral to Milbanke Sound. The cones coincide with major structural lineaments in the area, but their relationship with these fault zones is unknown. Kitasu volcano was examined in detail by high resolution lidar topography and by paleomagnetic, geochemical and petrographic analyses on a limited number of field samples. An elevated platform of brecciated alkaline basalt and pillow lava forms the base of Kitasu volcano. The platform is straight-edged, abruptly terminating at ~80 m above sea level (asl) and is partially overlain by a well-preserved cinder cone reaching 233 m asl with two smaller cones nested within the main crater. Stratigraphy shows that parts of the volcanic platform is underlain by hyaloclastite containing a mixture of locally sourced basaltic material and ~20% mineral grains and glacial erratic cobbles from Coast Mountain sources. The sediment characteristics and overall morphology of the volcanic platform intimates that Kitasu volcano is a tuya with the initial eruption taking place in a subglacial setting during the waning stage of the last glaciation between 14.5 and 12.5 ka BP (radiocarbon years ago). Geomorphology and petrography, showing the preservation of glass and olivine in volcanic sediment, suggest that Kitasu Hill is predominantly a monogenetic depositional feature with little or no reworking or redeposition. The final pyroclastic eruptions took place sometime after 12.3 ka BP, based on the postglacial relative sea level history of the region. It is concluded that the Milbanke cones likely erupted near the end of the last glaciation rather than during postglacial time like previously thought. Coincidentally, during Late Pleistocene deglaciation the four cones were positioned similarly with respect to the retreating ice sheet and thus may have undergone similar glacially induced crustal stresses and erosion. We propose that the ice sheet mostly eroded two of the four Milbanke cones previously reported as erosional remnants, whereas Helmet Peak, the second best preserved cone, was partly eroded by south-flowing ice in Mathieson Channel. Kitasu Hill lies within the unceded territory of the Kitasoo/Xai'Xais First Nation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".