'I said made (mate?)': Catalan/spanish bilinguals' production of english word-final obstruents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The potential effects of age of onset of L2 learning and exposure to English on the production of the voicing contrast in English word-final obstruents by Catalan/Spanish bilingual learners of English in a formal learning context was investigated. English /p b t d s z/ were elicited in two different words each embedded in the carrier phrase 'I said of a delayed sentence repetition task. The minidialogues comprising the task were modeled by two taped British E-NS voices. Acoustic measurements of vowel, closure phase, and fricative duration were made using spectrographic and oscillographic displays in Praat. The low-energy period during the closure phase of stops until the release burst defined the closure duration of stops. Fricative duration was measured from the beginning to the end of the typical high-energy profile. It was observed that the E-NSs produced vowels preceding voiced stops with longer mean duration than vowels preceding voiceless stops.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".