Intense vortex high-order harmonics generated from laser-ablated plume
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate intense extreme-ultraviolet optical vortices generated using laser-ablation plume as the nonlinear medium. We used two types of plumes that are known to generate intense high-order harmonics for driving lasers with Gaussian beam profiles, but through different mechanisms, namely, carbon (diatomic carbon molecules) and tin (resonance with the autoionizing state). We find that the harmonic fluxes for diatomic carbon molecules are similar for Gaussian and vortex driving fields. However, for harmonics from the autoionizing state of tin (∼26.3 eV), the enhancement factor of the resonant harmonic intensity decreases by ∼50% when using the vortex driving field. The intense extreme-ultraviolet optical vortices demonstrated in this study will be useful for many applications including a material characterization technique known as optical angular momentum dichroism as well as the spectroscopy of spin-forbidden electronic transitions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".