Smoking as a risk factor for spontaneous bone anchored hearing implant extrusion: A case report and review of literature
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To report a case of two BAHI extrusions occurring in a heavy smoker and to review the literature to investigate the underlying biomechanisms leading to implant losses in smokers. Case report and literature review. A 35-year-old man experienced delayed healing and increased pain around the abutment site despite an uneventful BAHI surgery. The implant extruded 2 days after sound processor coupling. A second implant was placed and extruded 1 week after post-operatively. The literature review identified 2 other cases of implant loss in heavy smokers; one undergoing 6 surgeries. Smoking is thought to adversely affect hormones and enzymes involved in bone regulation, and to have an inhibitory effect on osteogenesis and on angiogenesis. At the cellular level, nicotine reduces the proliferation of red blood cells, macrophages, and fibroblasts and increases micro clot formation in blood vessels through increased platelet adhesiveness. We highlight possible risks associated with bone anchored hearing implant loss and smoking. These risks should be discussed with patients who are BAHI candidates and heavy smokers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".