EMPLOYMENT BY SECTOR IN THE EUROPEAN UNION, THE UNITED STATES, MEXICO AND CANADA, 1985-2005
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present a comparison of the rates of employment by sector in 15 European countries, and 3 Northern American countries. We find that EU15 average rate of employment in Services and total is below the United States and Canada, and relate this fact with the level of industrial development and other factors. The main conclusion is that although industrial development is the main cause of relatively low levels of real value-added and employment rates in countries such as Spain, Mexico, Greece and Portugal, there are other EU countries with higher level of industrial development, which show a rate of employment in services below their capacity, such as in the cases of France and Germany, which may be due to rigidities in taxes and rules. The most outstanding EU countries reaching both a high rate of employment and average wage above EU mean are the United Kingdom and 7 smaller countries: Austria, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, and Sweden
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".