Compacted Brazilian soil hydraulic behaviour during the percolation of petroleum-produced water
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper analyses the results of column tests performed on samples of compacted soils permeated by petroleum-produced water from onshore areas in north-east Brazil. It is shown that in almost all of the tested samples, the soil hydraulic conductivity decreased over time. Bioclogging and biofilm formation, as well as clay dispersion and filtration, are analysed; clay dispersion is indicated as the probable main cause of the observed behaviour. Furthermore, particle dispersion seems to be dependent on the changes in soil porosimetry (lower fraction of macropores), which is caused by higher compaction energy. Breakthrough curves obtained for magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) suggest that bivalent cations were replaced by sodium (Na) cations during the tests. Furthermore, for longer test times, a noticeable amount of solid-particle sediment was observed at the bottom of the fluid collection jars. The authors confirmed that bioclogging did not significantly influence the reduction in soil hydraulic conductivity, as this reduction occurred before the start of any microbial activity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".