Migration of Ukrainians at the pre-industrial stage of social development
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The subject of the research is the migration history of Ukrainians at the pre-industrial stage of social development. The purpose of the article is the historical and economic analysis of migration trends and the identification of geographical vectors of the first migration flows on Ukrainian lands and the institutional factors and socioeconomic consequences of the spread of migration sentiment among the population during the period. The result of the study is the identification of features of the first migration flows in the Ukrainian territory, the classification of migration according to its causes, the identification of directions of the resettlement of Ukrainians and the consequences of emigration of Ukrainians. It was revealed that the labour migration of Ukrainians was preceded by political migration related to the regular attacks of Tatars and Turks, the fall of Kievan Rus, the loss of national statehood, the colonization of Ukrainian lands by foreign states. In spite of a number of negative consequences, the Ukrainian people received both economic benefits and qualitative progress in state-building. At the same time, labour migration led to the irreversible loss of the economically active working population, above all the peasantry, who were the most important group among Ukrainian emigrants. The main factors contributing to the labour migration of Ukrainians were similar: institutional (abolition of serfdom), demographic (reduction of mortality rate, while maintaining high fertility), socio-economic (low-income Ukrainian peasants, mass impoverishment and low standards of living), innovative infrastructure (development of the newest means of communication and large geographical discoveries) that encouraged intercountry resettlement. However, the vector of migratory flows of Ukrainians was rather diverse: Ukrainians under Austro-Hungary (Galicia, Northern Bukovina and Transcarpathian Ukraine) were covered by intercontinental migration (USA, Canada, Brazil and Argentina), while the peasants of the Left Bank and Central Ukraine migrated to the Northern Caucasus and the Far East.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".