<p><strong>The ant genus <em>Tapinoma</em> Förster (Formicidae: Dolichoderinae) in Miocene amber of Peru</strong></p>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
On the 17 extant subfamilies of ants, Dolichoderinae is one of the four major species-rich clades (with Formicinae, Ponerinae, and Myrmicinae), and a cosmopolitan group including some of the world’s most invasive species such as the Argentine ant and white-footed ant. It comprises currently 846 species in 28 extant and 20 extinct genera (Bolton, 2019). Most of the fossils are Cenozoic in age, which accords with the timeline of the Dolichoderinae as proposed by molecular phylogenetic studies (Ward et al., 2010; Moreau & Bell, 2013; Borowiec et al., 2019). According to these studies, crown-group dolichoderines arose sometime between 66 and 53 million years ago. Thus, around or after the Cretaceous–Paleogene transition, although this would have been preceded by approximately 30 million years of stem group evolution. Cretaceous dolichoderines are exceedingly rare indeed, and the only two known genera—Eotapinoma Dlussky, and Chronomyrmex McKellar, Glasier & Engel, from Canadian Campanian amber (79–78 Ma)—although originally placed in the Tapinomini and Leptomyrmecini, respectively, have been suggested to be stem dolichoderines (Dlussky, 1999; McKellar et al., 2013; Boudinot et al., 2016). Another fossil dolichoderine was reported from “Cretaceous amber” of Ethiopia (LaPolla et al., 2013: suppl. fig. 5) but this amber is now known to be much younger in age, likely Miocene (Perrichot et al., 2016, 2018). The first definitive crown-group dolichoderines are thus currently from the middle Eocene (50–45 Ma) of Europe and North America, belonging to various extinct species of the genera Dolichoderus, Iridomyrmex, Liometopum, and Tapinoma (see Barden, 2017). Some earlier crown-group dolichoderines may be present in early Eocene (55–52 Ma) ambers from France, India, and China (Perrichot, pers. observ.), but these have yet to be formally described.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".