Unmixing noisy co-registered spectrum images of multicomponent nanostructures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Analytical electron microscopy plays a key role in the development of novel nanomaterials. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) datasets are typically processed to isolate the background-subtracted elemental signal. Multivariate tools have emerged as powerful methods to blindly map the components, which addresses some of the shortcomings of the traditional methods. Here, we demonstrate the superior performance of a new multivariate optimization method using a challenging EELS and EDX dataset. The dataset was recorded from a spectrum image P-type metal-oxide-semiconductor stack with 7 components exhibiting heavy spectral overlap and a low signal-to-noise ratio. Compared to peak integration, independent component analysis, Baysian Linear Unmixing and Non-negative matrix factorization, the method proposed was the only one to identify the EELS spectra of all 7 components with the corresponding abundance profiles. Using the abundance of each component, it was possible to retrieve the EDX spectra of all the components, which were otherwise impossible to isolate, regardless of the method used. We expect that this robust method will bring a significant improvement for the chemical analysis of nanomaterials, especially for weak signals, dose-sensitive specimen or signals suffering heavy spectral overlap.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".