Bibliographic record
Abstract
In July 2019, a World Trade Organization (WTO) compliance panel found that Thailand had failed to implement previous WTO recommendations and rulings relating to its treatment of cigarettes imported from the Philippines. The panel ruled that Thailand had not complied with the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement which covers imported goods between WTO members. According to the Philippines, Thailand has continued to place higher valuations on cigarettes imported by Philip Morris Thailand (PMT) from Philip Morris’ Philippines subsidiary than permitted by the WTO method of ‘transaction value’, the price actually paid or payable for goods when sold for export.1 The dispute began in 2008 when the Philippines submitted its initial complaint in response to Thai claims that PMT under-reported the value of imported cigarettes between 2003 and 2006 in order to pay less tax than Thailand argued was applicable.2 The Philippines countered that Thailand’s valuation process was discriminatory, and protectionist of the state-run Thailand Tobacco Monopoly3 (restructured and renamed the Tobacco Authority of Thailand (TOAT) in 2018).4 Three subsequent WTO panel decisions and related appellate rulings have gone against Thailand,5 6 but the …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.008 | 0.022 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.015 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.014 | 0.019 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.016 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".