Experimental Study of Water Infiltration in Unsaturated Horizontal Sand Columns under Various Air Confinement Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The process of water infiltration into initially dry sand was studied in horizontal sand columns under various airtight conditions. To investigate the interrelations among water inflow behavior, air pressure, air confinement effect, and vent effectiveness in unsaturated porous media experiencing dynamic infiltration, a total of five dynamic infiltration experiments with fixed inlet water pressure were performed with different air vents open or closed along the column length. Visualizations of the infiltration process were accompanied by measurements of water saturation, air pressure, and accumulated water inflow. In a column system with an open end, the absence of air pressure buildup reveals that the vent at the column end can significantly reduce the internal air pressure effects during infiltration, and the air phase can be ignored for this case. However, in columns with a tight end, the coupled air and water flow processes can be divided into two completely different periods. Before the water front passed by the most distant open vent, the internal air pressure effects on retarding dynamic infiltration are negligible, similar to the open end case. After this period, the open vents can certainly influence the inflow behavior by functioning as air outlets while they cannot equilibrate pore air pressure with the atmospheric pressure. The remaining air ahead of the front will be gradually confined and compressed, and the significant increase in air pressure highlights the great role of air pressure buildup in reducing the water infiltration rate. The closer the last open vent was to the water inlet, the higher was the increase in air pressure and the greater was the delaying effect on water infiltration. This work may extend the experimental study of water infiltration into the unsaturated soils with different airtight conditions and provide experimental evidence on these coupled mechanisms among the water and air phases in soils.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".