Type 2 Diabetes Prevalence and Risk Factors of Urban Maasai in Arusha Municipality and Rural Maasai in Ngorongoro Crater
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aim: The study explored potential impacts of migration on Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) prevalence and risk factors across Maasai ethnic communities living traditional rural lifestyles and those living in an urban environment. Method: A cross-sectional investigation of 724 adult Tanzanian Maasai participants was conducted. Anthropometric measures (i.e., body mass index; waist-hip ratio; blood glucose, serum lipids) plus lifestyle (i.e., diet/alcohol/tobacco consumption) and physical activity patterns were assessed. Results: Prevalence of T2D was 22.9% (n=80) in urban and 9.9% (n=37) in rural settings. Urban T2D was significantly (<0.05) positively correlated with known obesity marks, lifestyle risk factors, systolic blood pressure, and age. In terms of BMI, urban respondents were more likely to Original Research Article be overweight (p<0.001) than their rural counterparts. As well, urban respondents ate more meals per day (p<0.001) and consumed more alcohol (p<0.001). Of note, the increase in urban prevalence related to age is significantly (p<0.05) more pronounced in males than females. In rural settings, increased FBS was significantly negatively correlated with age, and and significantly (p<0.05) positively correlated with obesity markers, with 46% being assessed by BMI as underweight. The activity levels, assessed by distances walked, had rural Maasai with significantly greater distances (P<0.0001).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".