A Miniature 16-element Endoscopic Histotripsy Transducer with Electronically Steerable Focus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A 5 mm by 5 mm 16-element histotripsy transducer was built and tested using a lens bonded to an air-backed 1-3 piezoelectric composite. The transducer was driven by a custom designed 16 channel pulse generator. Both aluminum and methacrylate photopolymer (resin) lens designs were modelled using a COMSOL FEM model. A resin lens was 3D printed and used to fabricate a transducer array with a focus that could be steered over a greater area than the aluminum lens design. The resin lens transducer had a peak negative pressure trend of 5.7 MPa/100 V. The -3 dB focal length and width were 1.94 mm and 0.30 mm. A pulse sequence cycling through 5 foci spaced within a 1.5 mm square was used to ablate ex vivo rat brain tissue through shock scattering cavitation near the surface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".