Experimental Results on the Impact of Memory in Neural Networks for Spectrum Prediction in Land Mobile Radio Bands
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aim: We set out to investigate the benefit of the “memory” of long short term memory (LSTM) networks in predicting spectrum occupancy in multiple time horizons in Land Mobile Radio (LMR) bands. Background: ANNs are a popular choice for spectrum prediction. Traditionally, ARIMA models have been at the forefront of forecasting. However, recurrent ANNs have demonstrated good prediction performance. Methodology: We train and evaluate four prediction models: a baseline which simply delays the time series, a seasonal ARIMA model, a TDNN and an LSTM. We test their performance on an hourly dataset in LMR bands collected in Ottawa, Canada between the dates of October 2016 and April 2017. Results: We find that LSTMs provide an improvement in prediction performance compared to the other models. We also compare the computational complexity of our models. Conclusions: The LSTM networks that remember long term dependencies and designed to work with time series provide an improvement accurately predicting spectrum occupancy in LMR bands.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it