Current status of dental and orthodontic education in European and American countries
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article was designed to elucidate the current status of dental and orthodontic education in the European and American countries by a questionnaire survey through internet. In Europe, the size of orthodontic society and the number of orthodontic department or dental school are small when compared to those in USA. In Europe and South America, it takes 5 to 6 years to complete undergraduate dental education for dentist. Meanwhile, in Canada and USA, dental school system has been developed, requiring 8-year education to become dentist. For orthodontic specialists, in general, it takes 3 years on average in European and American countries with an exception of 4-year training in Switzerland. Most societies in European and American countries have two important issues such as inappropriate orthodontic treatment and incorrect use of aligners by general practitioners. The most important strategy is to appeal the public that orthodontic treatment should be executed by orthodontic specialists. In conclusion, it is shown that the educational systems for dentist and orthodontist have well been developed in every country in the world, although the strength is somewhat different from country to country.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".