Low levels of circulating IL‐21 in HIV‐infected AIDS patients
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Interleukin‐21 (IL‐21) is a relatively recently discovered type‐1 cytokine. It is a CD4+ T cell‐derived cytokine and has pleiotropic effects on the functions of immune cells. The cytokine bears special relevance to HIV infection as it is mainly produced by CD4+ T cells: the main targets of the virus. Therefore, we were interested in knowing how this cytokine is regulated in vivo in this viral infection. For this purpose, we measured IL‐21 by ELISA in the sera of 29 AIDS patients and compared them with a similar number of sera from age‐matched HIV‐seronegative healthy persons. Our data show that the sera from HIV‐infected patients had 2 fold less concentrations of IL‐21 as compared to the healthy subjects. Levels of circulating IL‐21 depended upon the quantity of CD4+ T cells present in the circulation of the patients. Thus, the patients with low numbers of CD4+ T cell counts showed lower levels of this cytokine as compared to the patients with higher CD4+ T cell counts. Indeed, a significant positive correlation existed between the numbers of CD4+ T cells and the levels of IL‐21 in sera from AIDS patients. To conclude, the depletion of CD4+ T cells during HIV infection results in low levels of circulating IL‐21 in HIV‐infected patients. The positive correlation between numbers of CD4+ T cells and concentrations of IL‐21 may suggest the use of this cytokine as a reliable hallmark for the progression of HIV‐induced AIDS.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".