High-dimensional quantum gates using full-field spatial modes of photons
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Unitary transformations are the fundamental building blocks of gates and operations in quantum information processing, allowing the complete manipulation of quantum systems in a coherent manner. In the case of photons, optical elements that can perform unitary transformations are readily available only for some degrees of freedom, e.g., wave plates for polarization. However, for high-dimensional states encoded in the transverse spatial modes of light, performing arbitrary unitary transformations remains a challenging task for both theoretical proposals and actual implementations. Following the idea of multi-plane light conversion, we show that it is possible to perform a broad variety of unitary operations at high quality by using only a few phase modulation planes. More importantly, we experimentally implement several high-dimensional quantum gates for up to five-dimensional states encoded in the full-field mode structure of photons. In particular, we realize cyclic and quantum Fourier transformations, known as Pauli <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">^</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> -gates and Hadamard <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"> <mml:mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mml:mover> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">^</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> -gates, respectively, with an average visibility of more than 90%. In addition, we demonstrate near-perfect “unitarity” by means of quantum process tomography, unveiling a process purity of 99%. Last, we demonstrate the benefit of the two independent spatial degrees of freedom, i.e., azimuthal and radial, and implement a two-qubit controlled-NOT quantum operation on a single photon. Thus, our demonstrations open up new paths to implement high-dimensional quantum operations, which can be applied to various tasks in quantum communication, computation, and sensing schemes.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it