Gravitational theory of cosmology, galaxies and galaxy clusters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A modified gravitational theory explains early universe and late time cosmology, galaxy and galaxy cluster dynamics. The modified gravity (MOG) theory extends general relativity (GR) by three extra degrees of freedom: a scalar field G, enhancing the strength of the Newtonian gravitational constant $$G_N$$ G N , a gravitational, spin 1 vector graviton field $$\phi _\mu $$ ϕ μ , and the effective mass $$\mu $$ μ of the ultralight spin 1 graviton. For $$t < t_\mathrm{rec}$$ t < t rec , where $$t_\mathrm{rec}$$ t rec denotes the time of recombination and re-ionization, the density of the vector graviton $$\rho _\phi > \rho _b$$ ρ ϕ > ρ b , where $$\rho _b$$ ρ b is the density of baryons, while for $$t > t_\mathrm{rec}$$ t > t rec we have $$\rho _b > \rho _\phi $$ ρ b > ρ ϕ . The matter density is parameterized by $$\Omega _M=\Omega _b+\Omega _\phi +\Omega _r$$ Ω M = Ω b + Ω ϕ + Ω r where $$\Omega _r=\Omega _\gamma +\Omega _\nu $$ Ω r = Ω γ + Ω ν . For the cosmological parameter values obtained by the Planck Collaboration, the CMB acoustical oscillation power spectrum, polarization and lensing data can be fitted as in the $$\Lambda $$ Λ CDM model. When the baryon density $$\rho _b$$ ρ b dominates the late time universe, MOG explains galaxy rotation curves, the dynamics of galaxy clusters, galaxy lensing and the galaxy clusters matter power spectrum without dominant dark matter.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".