CpG‐ODN Induces a Dose‐Dependent Enrichment of Immunological Niches in the Spleen and Lungs of Neonatal Chicks That Correlates with the Protective Immunity against <i>Escherichia coli</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Immunoprotective function of oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs (CpG‐ODN) has been demonstrated in neonatal chickens against common bacterial pathogens such as E.coli and Salmonella sp. Our recent study reported that CpG‐ODN administration enriches immune compartments in neonatal chicks. However, a causal relationship between CpG‐ODN‐induced immune enrichment and protective mechanisms remains unestablished. In this study, we investigated in ovo administered CpG‐ODN‐mediated immune cell recruitment in the immunological niches in lymphoid (spleen) and nonlymphoid (lungs) organs using various doses of CpG‐ODN and examined whether the immunological profiles have any correlation with immunoprotection against E.coli infection. Eighteen‐day‐old embryonated eggs were injected with either 5, 10, 25, and 50 μ g of CpG‐ODN or saline ( n = ~40 per group). On the day of hatch (72 hr after CpG‐ODN treatment), we collected the spleen and lungs ( n = 3‐4 per group) and examined the recruitment of macrophages/monocytes, their expression of MHCII and CD40, and the number of CD4 + and CD8 + T‐cell subsets in the immunological niches in the spleen and lungs using flow cytometry. We observed the dose‐dependent recruitment of immune cells, wherein 25 μ g and 50 μ g of CpG‐ODN induced significant enrichment of immunological niches in both the spleen and the lungs. Four days after the CpG‐ODN treatment (1‐day after hatch), chicks were challenged with a virulent strain of E. coli (1 × 10 4 or 1 × 10 5 cfu, subcutaneously). Clinical outcome and mortality were monitored for 8 days postchallenge. We found that both 25 μ g and 50 μ g of CpG‐ODN provided significant protection and reduced clinical scores compared to saline controls against E. coli infection. Overall, the present study revealed that CpG‐ODNs orchestrate immunological niches in neonatal chickens in a dose‐dependent manner that resulted in differential protection against E. coli infection, thus supporting a cause and effect relationship between CpG‐ODN‐induced immune enrichment and the antibacterial immunity.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".