Parallel Electroplating of Multiple Materials Using Patterned Gels for Electrochemical Sensing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Electrodeposition is a widely used method to fabricate electrodes in microscale electroanalytical devices. In this method, low cost materials such as copper are coated with higher cost but functional materials such as gold or silver. Conventional methods of electroplating, which use a sequential process of coating one material at a time, consumes a significant amount of time for deposition of multiple materials. In addition, they use a large volume of electrolytes which may be reasonable if large areas are coated but are wasteful and unnecessary for fabrication of small area microelectrodes. Here, we introduce a new method where gels are used to immobilize plating reagents close to the surface on which it is to be plated. We show that such gels could be patterned using spot printing and confined to some regions using xurographically patterned films attached to the surface. This method allows gel patterns containing different metal salts to be placed in different locations. Such patterned surfaces can then be dipped into a common working electrolyte and produce a complex multimaterial pattern of deposition in parallel.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".