Comparison of small-strain shear modulus and Young’s modulus of dry sand measured by resonant column and bender–extender element
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The small-strain shear modulus and Young’s modulus of dry sand are simultaneously measured by resonant column and bender–extender element tests. Two different methods are adopted to calibrate the resonant column and the results indicate that the conventional calibration method may significantly underestimate the Young’s modulus obtained in flexural excitation, while it only slightly underestimates the shear modulus obtained in torsional excitation. A new calibration method that establishes a calibration curve based on the resonant frequency is used to overcome the error. With this new calibration method, the shear modulus and Young’s modulus from the resonant column agree well with those from the bender–extender element. It convincingly explains the reason why a very small Poisson’s ratio was observed in previous resonant column tests and suggests that the effect of resonant frequency on the calibration results must be considered in flexural excitation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".