Acute, Sustained, Intraocular Pressure increases following Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Treatment for Retinal Conditions: A Review of Clinical Evidence and Guidelines [Internet]
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a protein that is upregulated as a result of capillary dropout, hypoxia, and local inflammation secondary to increased intraluminal venous pressure from retinal vein compression and other forms of vascular occlusion such as branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and choroidal retinal vein occlusion (CRVO). VEGF is linked to the development of retinal diseases like age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and macular edema which are leading causes of vision loss.,AMD and macular edema have been the target of several therapeutic developments including non-pharmaceutical options such as, macular grid laser photocoagulation augmentation (MGLA), laser-induced chorioretinal anastomosis, and surgery (e.g., pars plana vitrectomy). Pharmaceutical options are primarily corticosteroids and anti-VEGF agents. Steroids such as, triamcinolone and dexamethasone (DEX) function by decreasing inflammation and edema through the modulation of vascular permeability and inflammatory agents like VEGF. Common anti-VEGF agents are aflibercept, bevacizumab, pegaptanib sodium, and ranibizumab. Aflibercept (115 kDa) is a soluble recombinant decoy receptor fusion protein, bevacizumab (149 kDa) is a recombinant full-length humanized monoclonal immunoglobulin G1 antibody, pegaptanib sodium is a selective antagonist, while ranibizumab (48 kDa) is a recombinant humanized immunoglobulin G1 kappa isotype antibody fragment., In the Health Canada drug product database, aflibercept and ranibizumab are listed as antineovascularization agents, bevacizumab is listed as an antineoplastic, and pegaptanib sodium is listed as an anti-VEGF agent for AMD.Anti-VEGF agents are linked to a number of adverse effects such as, sustained elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), endophthalmitis, cataract progression, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal tears and detachments, pain, vitreous floaters, and inflammation., Patients may also experience non-ocular effects like hypertension, nasopharyngitis, and headache. Sustained elevated IOP may self-resolve or may need to be controlled by additional anti-VEGF agents, IOP-lowering topical or oral medication (e.g., carbonic anhydrase inhibitor), or surgery (e.g., trabeculectomy, laser trabeculoplasty, laser peripheral iridotomy, or filtration surgery).The aim of this report is to summarize the evidence regarding risk factors that lead to acute, sustained IOP increases that require surgery following anti-VEGF intravitreal injection treatment for retinal disease, and to review the relevant evidence-based guidelines.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".