Steam Conformance along Horizontal Well with Different Well Configurations of Single Tubing: An Experimental and Numerical Investigation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Summary Dual-pipe steam injection technique has currently demonstrated technical potential for improving heavy oil recovery. It can effectively delay the occurrence of steam fingering and homogenize the steam injection profile along the horizontal wellbore. In this paper, first, we built a cylindrical wellbore physical model to experimentally study the steam injection profiles of a single-pipe horizontal well and a concentric dual-pipe horizontal well. Thus, the heat and mass transfer behavior of steam along the horizontal wellbore with a single-pipe well configuration and a dual-pipe well configuration was addressed. Subsequently, considering the effect of pressure drops and heat loss, a semianalytical model for the gas/liquid two-phase flow in the horizontal wellbore was developed to numerically match the experimental observation. Next, a sensitivity analysis on the physical parameters and operation properties of a steam injection process was conducted. The effect of the injection fluid type was also investigated. Experimental results indicated that under the same steam injection condition, an application of dual-pipe well configuration can significantly enhance the oil drainage volume by approximately 35% than the single-pipe well configuration. During the experiments, both a temperature distribution and liquid production along the horizontal wellbore were obtained. A bimodal temperature distribution can be observed for the dual-pipe well configuration. From this proposed model, an excellent agreement can be found between the simulation results and the experimental data. Because of the effect of variable mass flowing behavior and pressure drops, the wellbore segment close to the steam outflow point can have a higher heating radius than that far from the steam outflow point. From the results of sensitivity analysis, permeability heterogeneity and steam injection parameters have a tremendous impact on the steam injection profile along the wellbore. Compared with a pure steam injection process, the coinjection of steam and noncondensable gas (NCG) can improve the effective heating wellbore length by more than 25%. This model is also applied to predict the steam conformance of an actual horizontal well in Liaohe Oilfield. This paper presents some information regarding the heat and mass transfer of a dual-pipe horizontal well, as well as imparts some of the lessons learned from its field operation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".