Conceptualisation of “Asian Values” in Malaysia and Singapore
Bibliographic record
Abstract
“Asian values” as a concept appeared in the socio-political discourse in 1990s due to the so-called Rise of Asia. Major political leaders of Malaysia and Singapore, Mahathir Mohamad and Lee Kuan Y., played a special role in their conceptual design. The discourse “Asian values” provoked a strong reaction in scientific and political circles around the world, the debates on them are still continuing. The main question regarding “Asian values” is how to determine the degree and nature of their influence on the development of the countries of the East. The purpose of this study is to identify different approaches to the assessment of this concept, the reasons for their occurrence, as well as the role and place of “Asian values” in the process of modernization in the East. As a result, it was revealed that the political situation in the region brought about the development of the concept. Owing to the struggle of a number of states for their influence on the Southeast Asian countries, the latter turned to “Asian values” as ideological sources of self-identification. Another reason is the fact that this concept allows to take into account specific ways of modernization in each country. Finally, the concept was adopted as an ideological basis for the integration process in ASEAN, which remains one of the most progressive integration associations in the Asia-Pacific region. Thus, today, the concept of “Asian values” not only proved its viability, but also became an occasion for development of similar ideas in other regions of the world.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".