An experimental and numerical investigation of pullout behavior of ductile iron water pipes buried in sand
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Buried pipelines, used for transporting liquid and gas, are often subjected to axial pulling forces due to seasonal temperature changes and (or) relative ground movements. The axial pullout force is exerted through soil–pipe interaction, which depends on the pipe material, surrounding soil and pipe–soil interface properties. In this research, axial pullout force on ductile iron pipe buried in sand is first experimentally investigated through development of a new laboratory facility. Based on the test results, simplified methods for predicting the axial forces are discussed. Finite element modelling is then used to investigate the mechanism of soil–pipe interaction and identify the key parameters contributing to the axial pullout force, which could not be measured during the laboratory tests. The constrained dilation of sand near the pipe–soil interface and arching effects due to a different stiffness of the pipe with respect to the soil are found to influence the mobilized axial forces on pipes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".