3D Confocal Imaging Methodology Optimized for Pore Space Characterization of Microporous Carbonate Reservoirs
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Microporous carbonates host a significant portion of the remaining oil-in-place in the giant carbonate reservoirs of the Middle East. Carbonates host wide range of pore sizes, however the key element influencing hydrocarbon flow is pore interconnectivity. We evaluate the use of confocal microscopy to image fluorescent epoxy pore casts of microporous carbonates. The acquired high-resolution 3D confocal images are used to gain invaluable insights on the interconnectivity between macroporosity and microporosity. We analyzed the sensitivity of quality of epoxy pore cast images to: fluorochrome selection, objective lens, and imaging medium by imaging standard fluorescent spherical beads. Guided by the sensitivity results, we acquired 3D images of the multi-modal pore space in an Indiana limestone sample with lateral- and axial-resolution of 0.36 µm and 2 µm, respectively. And we were able to identify the multi-scale pore types in the studied carbonate sample and highlight their interconnectivity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".