"Worthy of Interest": Scholarships and the Strategies of "New Métis" Families in Senegal, 1900-1920
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the 1870s, the colonial state in Senegal formally organized a scholarship program to fund study in the colony and in France. Although Senegal's established metis (mixed race) community held a near monopoly on these grants at first, by the early twentieth century, applicants included larger numbers of black and new metis children. These new metis, who are the focus of this paper, were the sons and daughters of African women and lower class French men who had come to Senegal some years before as employees of commercial firms or as small independent merchants. Officials expressed great concern about the educational prospects of these children who challenged the racial boundaries on which colonial power depended. This paper builds on the work of Ann Laura Stoler, Emmanuelle Saada, Owen White, and Hilary Jones, and explores how schooling became central to the economic and political strategies of new metis families in Senegal at the turn of the twentieth century. Paying particular attention to rhetoric about race and empire, this paper makes the case that in their correspondence about how best to educate these children, fathers and officials negotiated children's relationship to the colonial state, to Senegalese society, and to French citizenship.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.035 | 0.017 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".