Fonctionnalisation de nanoparticules plasmoniques pour le ciblage de cellules du cancer du sein in vitro
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Le cancer du sein represente un quart des cas de cancer diagnostiques chez les femmes au Canada. De nos jours, le moyen le plus efficace de diagnostiquer le cancer du sein consiste a effectuer une biopsie de la zone suspecte chez le patient et a l’analyser en laboratoire. L’etalon d’or utilise par les pathologistes pour determiner si les tissus sont cancereux ou non est la coloration par immunohistochimie (IHC). Cette methode presente plusieurs inconvenients, tels que la degradation possible des antigenes cibles en raison de l’utilisation d’agents de fixation (Formaline, etc.) ou la difficulte a cibler plusieurs antigenes dans un meme echantillon. Dans ce projet sera presente un moyen de repondre a ces problemes en utilisant des nanoparticules (NP) plasmoniques fonctionnalisees avec des anticorps (Ac) pour cibler specifiquement des cellules du cancer du sein. Outre une grande stabilite qui permet d’eviter l’utilisation d’agents de fixation avant le marquage des cellules, les NPs biocompatibles ont des proprietes optiques particulieres qui permettent de les visualiser et de les compter facilement. L’objectif final est de developper et appliquer un protocole robuste qui pourra etre applique directement par les pathologistes au Canada et montrera des resultats capables de rivaliser avec l’IHC. La premiere partie du memoire concerne la fonctionnalisation des NPs et leur caracterisation. Trois approches de fonctionnalisation ont ete testees : EDC/(Sulfo-)NHS (N-3- (dimethylamino)propyl-N-ethylcarbodimide hydrochloride/ N - Hydroxy(sulfo)succinimide), NHS et Hydrazide. Ces noms font reference au groupe fonctionnel qui se lie a l’Ac. Dans le cas des approches utilisant des esters NHS, la liaison se fait aux amines primaires des Ac qui sont reparties dans toute leur structure. On parle donc de fonctionnalisation non orientee car la position du site de liaison sur les Ac est aleatoire et les domaines Fab peuvent ainsi etre liees aux NPs. C’est pourquoi le protocole Hydrazide, specifique au domaine Fc des Ac, presentait un interet particulier. Les trois procedures ont ete adaptees pour des NPs d’or (AuNPs) spherique de 100 nm de diametre et celles-ci ont ete caracterisees par des mesures des spectres d’absorbance, de la taille hydrodynamique, du potentiel zeta ainsi que des techniques d’imageries et de dosage a l’aide d’Ac conjugues a des fluorophores. Tous ces resultats ont mene a la conclusion que le protocole EDC/NHS effectue a pH 7 etait le plus robuste et assurait la plus grande couverture en Ac sur les NPs. Une fois la fonctionnalisation maitrisee, la seconde partie de ce memoire presentera comment utiliser ces NPs pour evaluer quantitativement l’expression de certains antigenes (CD44, HER2 et CD24) sur trois lignees cellulaires de cancer du sein (MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-453 et BT-474). La methode developpee dans ce projet de maitrise presente la nouveaute d’incuber les cellules en suspension et non plus en petri comme dans les modeles de marquage bidimensionnels classiques. Les resultats de l’immunomarquage avec les AuNPs (immunoplasmonique) sont directement compares aux resultats d’immunofluorescence pour la quantification des antigenes. Une bonne correlation a ete trouvee entre les deux tests pour les MDA-MB-231 (tous antigenes confondus) et pour les MDA-MB-453 (excepte pour le CD24). Les BT-474 ont demontre des resultats incoherents avec l’immunofluorescence avec un faible nombre de nanoparticules par cellules pour tous les antigenes. Les experiences d’immunoplasmoniques ont egalement ete realisees en presence de serum humain et les memes tendances ont ete observees. Au vu de ces resultats, il est recommande pour de futures etudes de se pencher sur l’optimisation des techniques de purification des AuNPs fonctionnalisees ainsi que sur le developpement d’un controle qualite pour mesurer l’activite des anticorps. Aussi, en vue d’une standardisation des procedes, il faudrait augmenter le nombre de AuNPs par cellules pour reduire la variabilite de la mesure.----------Breast cancer accounts for 25% of all cancer cases diagnosed in women in Canada. Nowadays, the most effective way to diagnose breast cancer is to perform a biopsy of the suspect area in the patient and analyze it in laboratory. The gold standard used by pathologists to determine whether the tissue is cancerous or not is immunohistochemical staining (IHC). This method has several disadvantages, such as the possible degradation of targeted antigens due to the use of fixating agents (Formalin, etc.) or the difficulty of targeting several antigens in the same sample. In this project will be presented a way to address these problems by using functionalized nanoparticles (NP) with antibodies (Ab) to specifically target breast cancer cells. In addition to high stability that avoids the use of fixating agents before labelling the cells, biocompatible NPs have special optical properties that make it easy to visualize and to count. The ultimate goal of this work is to develop and test a robust protocol that can be applied directly by pathologists in Canada and show results capable of competing with IHC. The first part of the thesis will be about the functionalization of NPs and their characterization. Three functionalization approaches were tested: EDC/(Sulfo-)NHS (N-3-(dimethylamino) propyl-N-ethylcarbodimide hydrochloride/N-Hydroxy(sulfo)succinimide), NHS and Hydrazide. These names refer to the functional group that binds to the Ab. In the case of approaches using NHS esters, the binding is to the primary amines of the Ab which are distributed throughout their structure. We therefore speak of non-oriented functionalization because the position of the binding site on the Ab is random and the Fab domains can thus be bound to NPs. This is why the Hydrazide protocol, specific to the Fc domain of Ab, was of particular interest. The three procedures were adapted for 100 nm diameter spherical gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and these were characterized by measurements of absorbance spectra, hydrodynamic size, zeta potential, and imaging and assay using Ac conjugated to fluorophores. All these results led to the conclusion that the EDC/NHS protocol performed at pH 7 was the most robust and provided the greatest coverage of Ab on NPs. Once the functionalization is under control, the second part of this thesis will present how to use these NPs to quantitatively evaluate the expression of certain antigens (CD44, HER2 and CD24) on three breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MDA- MB-453 and BT-474). The method developed in this master’s project presents the novelty of incubating suspended cells and no longer kneading them as in conventional two-dimensional marking models. The results of immunolabeling with AuNPs (immunoplasmonic) are directly compared with immunofluorescence results for the quantification of antigens. A good correlation was found between the two tests for MDA-MB-231 (all antigens combined) and for MDA-MB-453 (except for CD24). BT-474 demonstrated inconsistent results with immunofluorescence with a very low number of nanoparticles per cell for all antigens. Immunoplasmonic experiments were also performed in the presence of human serum and the same trends were observed. In view of these results, it is recommended for future studies to focus on the optimization of purification techniques for functionalized AuNP as well as the development of quality control to measure antibody activity. Also, in order to standardize processes, the number of AuNPs per cell should be increased to reduce the variability of the measurement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".