Alteration of Crop Yield and Quality of Three Vegetables upon Exposure to Silver Nanoparticles in Sludge-Amended Soil
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The impacts of land application of sludge contaminated with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on crop yield and nutritional quality are relatively unknown. Chili (Capsicum annuum L.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) were grown for 52–71 days in soil amended by sludge with or without Ag NPs. Then root-exposed chili and lettuce continued to grow until day 75 and 105, during which they were simultaneously exposed to 107Ag NPs via leaves for 3 days. Root exposure reduced the yield of lettuce and radish by 42 and 61%. It had minimal effects on essential element (Ca, K, Mg, P, Fe, Mn, and Zn) contents in chili fruits and radish roots or on protein, amino acid, and most essential element contents in lettuce leaves. Exceptions were K and Mg in lettuce leaves, which decreased by ∼25%. Further, root uptake dominated over foliar uptake (86 and 95% of total Ag) in Ag accumulation in younger leaves and flowers of lettuce, as revealed by the stable isotope tracer technique, suggesting unintended residual transgenerational effects of land application of sludge contaminated with Ag NPs. These results guide the agricultural application of Ag NPs in a more efficient and safer manner.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".