Analysis of dynamic characteristics of bubble rise under a free surface
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The rising process of a bubble occurs in several natural and industrial apparatuses. This process is computationally studied using the front tracking method for a moving interface whose surface properties are solved in terms of an immersed-boundary method. The results show that the free interface does not influence the bubble before the centroid velocity of the bubble reaches the terminal velocity, which reaches a stable value or fluctuates at it, with the distance h (between the centroid of the bubble and the free surface) reaching a certain value. When the Reynolds number increases, the time to reach terminal velocity will decrease, and the influence of the viscous factor on the terminal velocity is also weakened. The dramatic interaction between a bubble and free surface is beneficial to accelerate film draining out. It is also shown that the shape of the bubble gradually becomes an ellipse as the Weber number (We) decreases, and it is beneficial to reduce the resistance of the bubble. The free surface could accelerate the bubble breaking at high We values.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".