Object-Based Thermal Remote-Sensing Analysis for Fault Detection in Mashhad County, Iran
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Land surface temperature (LST) and soil moisture are important factors in environmental hazard modeling. The main objective of this research is to derive the LST and a soil moisture index (SMI) from thermal satellite images. A split-window algorithm is applied to derive the spectral radiance and emissivity from two thermal infrared (TIR) bands of the Landsat 8 satellite in four consecutive years (2015–2018) to serve as input for the LST analysis. First, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) is computed from which an emissivity index is calculated using an object-based threshold technique. This is followed by the calculation of the LST via a split-window algorithm. Subsequently, the SMI is modeled to reflect the relationship between the surface temperature and the vegetation cover. A spatial analysis investigates the relationship between the LST and SMI with known geological faults. The results indicate that the areas with low-temperature and high-moisture overlap with fault zones. The authors discuss to what degree fault zones can be detected or predicted based on LST and SMI.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".