Using Attack Pattern for Cyber Attack Attribution
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A cyber attack is a malicious and deliberate attempt by an individual or organization to breach the integrity, confidentiality, and/or availability of data or services of an information system of another individual or organization. Being able to attribute a cyber attack is a crucial question for security but this question is also known to be a difficult problem. The main reason why there is currently no solution that automatically identifies the initiator of an attack is that attackers usually use proxies, i.e. an intermediate node that relays a host over the network. In this paper, we propose to formalize the problem of identifying the initiator of a cyber attack. We show that if the attack scenario used by the attacker is known, then we are able to resolve the cyber attribution problem. Indeed, we propose a model to formalize these attack scenarios, that we call attack patterns, and give an efficient algorithm to search for attack pattern on a communication history. Finally, we experimentally show the relevance of our approach.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.024 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.006 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.010 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".