Co‐Ethnic and Neighborhood Ties and Financial Social Capital Formation Among the Urban Poor in Kenya
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Objective Lacking access to formal institutions, the poor in developing countries often use informal savings groups to financially prepare for unexpected events. They often base these groups on social ties to reduce risks, which occur when group members do not make payments. This study examines whether Kenya's urban poor rely on social ties, such as co‐ethnicity and co‐residency, when forming informal savings groups. Methods This study uses list experiments on a sample of informal settlement residents in and around Nairobi. Results Approximately 28.7 percent and 17.5 percent of respondents would consider someone outside their ethnic group or informal settlement as a member of an informal savings group, respectively. Most respondents were reluctant to accept members without social ties, with greater reluctance against those outside the settlement. Conclusions Kenya's urban poor rely primarily on co‐residents for financial security, which elevates risk as they experience shocks simultaneously and cannot help one another.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".