‘This will not be the first time that the softest hand has proved the strongest’ : the Eastern Division of the Woman’s Foreign Missionary Society of the Presbyterian Church in Canada and the fate of Scottish identity, 1876-1914
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Scotland's commitment to the British imperial project after 1707 helped configure 'Scottishness' as a decidedly masculine construct, while the methodology developed by historians in the study of Scottish migrant identity since then promotes a male-centric source base.This undermines how Scottish migrant women associated with their Scottish cultural, ethnic and national identities.Through detailed analysis of the composition, operations and rhetoric of the Eastern Division of the Women's Foreign Missionary Society of the Presbyterian Church in Canada during the society's lifespan, 1876 to 1914, this thesis investigates the underexplored potential of civic institutions in developing a more nuanced understanding of Scottish identity during Britain's 'victorious century'.It also demonstrates how decisions to engage with certain local, national and global issues during the post-Confederation period contributed to the gradual disintegration of the society's distinctively Scottish identity in favour of increasing identification with Canada before the First World War.II 'As our Sea Provinces are coming to their own': the Woman's 56 Foreign Missionary Society, Imperialism and the Transition from Scottish Diasporic to Anglo-Canadian III 'Savage and Embruted man': the Woman's Foreign Missionary 85 Society, Feminism and Focus on Canadian Society Conclusion 118 Bibliography 117 Appendix 137 1 Baines estimates emigration between 1825-1914 at 2 million.Harper estimates 1.25 million left after 1914.Dudley Baines, Migration in a Mature Economy: Emigration and Internal Migration in England and Wales, 1861-1900 (Cambridge, 1985), 59-61; Marjory Harper, Adventurers and Exiles: The Great Scottish Exodus (London, 2003), 3.For emigration figures after 1945 see the author's own calculations in Kajsa L. Swaffer, 'The Politics of Population: Understanding Scottish Emigration in a Post-War, Post-Imperial Context, 1947-1979', History Scotland (July/August 2019), 28-37.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.024 | 0.020 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".