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Record W3005704136 · doi:10.5802/jtnb.1135

The upper density of an automatic set is rational

2020· preprint· fr· W3005704136 on OpenAlex
Jason P. Bell

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal de Théorie des Nombres de Bordeaux · 2020
Typepreprint
Languagefr
FieldComputer Science
Topicsemigroups and automata theory
Canadian institutionsnot available
FundersNatural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
KeywordsNatural densityNatural numberUpper and lower boundsRational numberMathematicsSet (abstract data type)CombinatoricsBETA (programming language)Alpha (finance)Discrete mathematicsNatural (archaeology)Computer scienceStatisticsMathematical analysis

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Given a natural number <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and a <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:math> -automatic set <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> </mml:math> of natural numbers, we show that the lower density and upper density of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> </mml:math> are recursively computable rational numbers and we provide an algorithm for computing these quantities. In addition, we show that for every natural number <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and every pair of rational numbers <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>β</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> with <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mi>β</mml:mi> <mml:mo>&lt;</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> or with <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>β</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>∈</mml:mo> <mml:mo>{</mml:mo> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> <mml:mo>}</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> there is a <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>k</mml:mi> </mml:math> -automatic subset of the natural numbers whose lower density and upper density are <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> </mml:math> and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>β</mml:mi> </mml:math> respectively, and we show that these are precisely the values that can occur as the lower and upper densities of an automatic set.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.003
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow), Scholarly communication
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: Theoretical or conceptual
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.356
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0030.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.001
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0010.001
Scholarly communication0.0020.001
Open science0.0030.001
Research integrity0.0000.002
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.028
GPT teacher head0.287
Teacher spread0.258 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it