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Record W3005727442 · doi:10.11647/obp.0193.04

Climate 1970-2020

2020· book-chapter· en· W3005727442 on OpenAlex
Tapio Schneider

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueOpen Book Publishers · 2020
Typebook-chapter
Languageen
FieldEnvironmental Science
TopicAtmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
Canadian institutionsAlberta Oil Sands Technology and Research AuthorityUniversity of British Columbia
Fundersnot available
KeywordsGlobal warmingAtmosphere (unit)Climate changeAnecdoteMeteorologyClimatologyEconomic historyGeographyHistoryPolitical scienceLawGeology

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

This chapter’s title reflects both the profound climactic disruptions and the exponential increase in scientific understanding that have occurred since the first Earth Day in 1970. Schneider begins with a personal anecdote, recalling a childhood spent skiing in the Harz mountains of Germany, now no longer possible, due to the dramatic shortening of winter and the loss of snow cover. In contrast, his present home of Los Angeles now experiences an extra two weeks of above average hot days compared to 1970. This change is paralleled by the development of climate science, pioneered by Swedish chemist and Nobel Laureate Svante Arrhenius, whose often inaccurate measurements first connected rising and falling CO2 levels to global warming and cooling. Today, a combination of fossil fuels and deforestation have resulted in CO2 levels of 415 ppm (parts per million) compared to 320 ppm in 1970 – 20% above pre-industrial levels. Industrialized nations have therefore added twice as much carbon dioxide to the atmosphere since 1970 as in all of previous human history before. The chapter emphasizes the continuing need for more accurate data and modeling to predict the effects on incredibly complex global systems. By dividing the earth into manageable grids, scientists are more accurately able to predict atmospheric variations, using supercomputers to break down the impossibly large variables. The chapter ends on a stark note: even if all greenhouse emissions were to be halted today (virtually impossible given the nature of our global energy economy), temperatures would still rise by 0.4–1.7°C, as a new baseline would take centuries, if not millennia, to establish. The conclusion is simple: every facet of human activity will be impacted, and we will have to adapt.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesMeta-epidemiology (narrow), Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Other · Consensus signal: Other
Teacher disagreement score0.075
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0010.003
Open science0.0020.004
Research integrity0.0000.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0860.011

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.011
GPT teacher head0.202
Teacher spread0.191 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it