Experimental Estimates of Optical Backscattering Associated With Submicron Particles in Clear Oceanic Waters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The volume scattering functions for bulk and two submicron size fractions (passing through 0.7 μm GF/F and 0.2 μm membrane filters) were measured in the North Pacific Ocean using a LISST‐VSF to assess the contributions by submicron particles to the overall particle scattering. The contribution by submicron particles increased generally with scattering angle and peaked around 110°. The total backscattering by both submicron fractions did not vary, but that by larger particles increased, with the trophic level. Consequently, the fractional backscattering contribution by submicron particles decreased from approximately 50% to 30% as the chlorophyll‐a concentration increased from <0.1 to 0.3 mg m−3. Despite the experiment covering a limited range of trophic levels, our results confirm that backscattering by submicron particles in clear ocean waters is significant and seems to form a background independent of the backscattering by larger particles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".