Molecular Investigation of Wildlife Herpesvirus and Parapoxvirus: Benefits and Limitations of Genetic Characterization of dsDNA Viruses from Tissues
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wildlife populations can be reservoirs or victims of pathogens shared with humans and/or domestic animals. Most diseases at the wildlife-livestock interface are caused by viruses. Herpesviridae and Parapoxviridae are families of important double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses that have been implicated in diseases of wildlife, domestic animals, and humans resulting from spill-over or zoonotic transmission, yet still little is known about viruses circulating in wildlife. Wildlife health surveillance is a primary tool for the management of zoonotic diseases, the control of diseases of domestic animals, and the preservation of wildlife populations. Studies herein conduct molecular surveillance of herpesviruses (HV) and orf virus (a parapoxvirus) through diagnostic polymerase-chain reactions (PCR), sequencing, and phylogenetic analysis using tissues of various wildlife animal species in Canada. The viral DNA polymerase (DPOL) gene is an effective target for the detection and characterization of HV present in infected animals. Previously uncharacterized HV were characterized in marten across Canada, and Reindeer gamma-HV 1 was characterized in caribou from different herds. Phylogenetic analysis suggests HV have coevolved with their wildlife host at a species level. Detection of orf virus was most successful when targeting the viral immunodominant envelope protein gene: B2L. Orf virus was detected in muskoxen on Victoria Island in areas managed by the Northwest Territories (NT) and Nunavut (NU), and on the adjacent mainland of NU, Canada. Orf virus was present in males and females, from calf to adulthood, indicating this virus represents a disease threat for muskoxen. Next-generation sequencing was performed directly on the DNA extracted from tissues of four clinically infected, geographically distant muskoxen in our study area. Phylogenetic analysis revealed Muskox orf virus (MxOV), to be unique from known orf viruses. This thesis documents the diversity of HV circulating in wildlife, increases our awareness of limitations when using tissues for molecular surveillance, increases our understanding of orf virus infection in muskoxen, and highlight areas of much-needed research. Methodologies herein can be adapted for the surveillance of other dsDNA viruses, while the data directly contribute to the database of HV and orf virus sequences in Canadian wildlife that provide context for new or emerging pathogens.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".