An Ultra-Low-Power Low-Voltage WuTx With Built-In Analog Sensing for Self-Powered WSN
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents an ultra-low-power, low-voltage wake-up transmitter (WuTx) capable of transmitting two sensors' analog output simultaneously using short pulses that their LOW and HIGH time are modulated with the analog inputs. A subthreshold relaxation oscillator along with an ultra-low-power comparator and voltage reference creates a baseband signal modulated based on two input analog signals, a ring oscillator upconverts the baseband signal to the desired transmission channel frequency (915 MHz or 2.4 GHz), and finally, an efficient Class E power amplifier with variable output power drives the antenna. The minimalist design of the proposed transmitter avoiding power-hungry data converters for sensor readout circuitry and modulation, short pulses at the output that enable the power amplifier for a short time during transmission along with the operation in the subthreshold region significantly reduces the overall power consumption. The proposed low-power and low-voltage transmitter is ideal for the long-term deployment of self-powered wireless sensors when the voltage gain and efficiency of harvesters are limited. Fabricated in a 65nm standard TSMC CMOS process, the proposed transmitter consumes a minimum of 5.41μW average power when it is on while delivering the output power of -1dBm and 7nW when it is completely off.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".