The FUSED LEAVES1/ <i>ADHERENT1</i> Regulatory Module Is Required For Maize Cuticle Development And Organ Separation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT In land plants all aerial epidermal cells are covered by the cuticle, an extracellular hydrophobic layer. The cuticle represents a primary barrier between cells and the external environment, provides protection against abiotic and biotic stresses, and prevents organ fusion during development. Here we report the cloning and characterization of a classic mutant of maize called adherent1 ( ad1 ), first described a century ago, and we show that AD1 encodes a 3-KETOACYL-CoA SYNTHASE involved in the deposition of cuticular wax on the epidermis of leaves and inflorescences. ad1 mutants show decreased amounts of various wax components as well as a range of organ fusion defects during vegetative and reproductive development. Accordingly, we find that AD1 is strongly expressed in the epidermis of various developing organs where it is directly regulated by the MYB transcription factor FUSED LEAVES1 (FDL1), which in turn controls a series of additional genes involved in cuticle formation. Altogether, our results identify a major pathway of cuticle biosynthesis essential for the development of maize plants, and a key regulatory module that is conserved across monocot and eudicot species. One sentence summary The classic maize mutant adherent1 , first isolated a century ago, is affected in an enzyme responsible for cuticle formation that is regulated by the MYB transcription factor FUSED LEAVES1.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".