Kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies of Cr(VI) removal from aqueous solution using mesoporous silica materials prepared by fly ash
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract A series of mesoporous silica materials (FMD, FMT, and FMC were synthesized with DTAB, TTAB, and CTAB as template, respectively) have been prepared using fly ash as a silica resource. The as‐synthesized materials were characterized by BET, XRF, FTIR, and XPS. The results confirmed the mesoporous structure and nitrogen content to act as potential adsorbents. The adsorption properties of these materials were also investigated by batch adsorption experiments. The FMC exhibited the highest effective removal of Cr(VI) (99%). The Cr(VI) adsorption process over FMC follows the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic and Langmuir model. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the Cr(VI) adsorption by FMC was spontaneous and endothermic. The study of the adsorption mechanism showed that the removal of Cr (VI) by FMC is through electrostatic attraction and chemical reduction. The coexisting ions experiment showed that FMC had high selectivity for Cr(VI). After three regeneration cycles, the Cr(VI) removal rate of FMC adsorbent still remained about 80%. Thus, this inexpensive adsorbent (FMC) is suitable for removing Cr(VI) from discharged industrial water.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".