Megaparsec-scale structure around the proto-cluster core SPT2349$-$56 at $z\,{=}\,4.3$
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present an extensive ALMA spectroscopic follow-up programme of the $z\,{=}\,4.3$ structure SPT2349$-$56, one of the most actively star-forming proto-cluster cores known, to identify additional members using their [C{\sc ii}] 158\,$\mu$m and \mbox{CO(4--3)} lines. In addition to robustly detecting the 14 previously published galaxies in this structure, we identify a further 15 associated galaxies at $z\,{=}\,4.3$, resolving 55$\,{\pm}\,$5\,per cent of the 870-$\mu$m flux density at 0.5\,arcsec resolution compared to 21\,arcsec single-dish data. These galaxies are distributed into a central core containing 23 galaxies extending out to 300\,kpc in diameter, and a northern extension, offset from the core by 400\,kpc, containing three galaxies. We discovered three additional galaxies in a red {\it Herschel\/}-SPIRE source 1.5\,Mpc from the main structure, suggesting the existence of many other sources at the same redshift as SPT2349$-$56 that are not yet detected in the limited coverage of our data. An analysis of the velocity distribution of the central galaxies indicates that this region may be virialized with a mass of (9$\pm$5)$\,{\times}\,$10$^{12}$\,M$_{\odot}$, while the two offset galaxy groups are about 30 and 60\,per cent less massive and show significant velocity offsets from the central group. We calculate the [C{\sc ii}] and far-infrared number counts, and find evidence for a break in the [C{\sc ii}] luminosity function. We estimate the average SFR density within the region of SPT2349$-$56 containing single-dish emission (a proper diametre of 720\,kpc), assuming spherical symmetry, to be roughly 4$\,{\times}\,10^4$\,M$_{\odot}$\,yr$^{-1}$\,Mpc$^{-3}$; this may be an order of magnitude greater than the most extreme examples seen in simulations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".