African solutions to African problems? The African Union's sanctions regime regarding unconstitutional changes of government.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Unconstitutional changes of government (UCG) remain a constant challenge to democracy, governance and political stability on the African continent.These occurrences in the post-Cold War era have been characterized by the emergence of more subtle ways of accessing and maintaining power.To respond to the threat, the African Union (AU), supported by sub-regional entities, has adopted a zero-tolerance policy against UCGs.Such response includes the establishment of a sanctions regime to ensure a return to democratic and constitutional order in case of UCG in a given member state.Despite significant normative and practical gaps, the AU norm on UCG shows promise and remains a valuable tool to address anti-democratic coups on the continent.Moving forward, it is imperative to focus on improving the current legal and institutional framework against UCG to foster a more comprehensive and coordinated African-led response to these crises on the continent. List of TablesTable 1 Cases of UCG resulting in sanctions application by the African Union ..........
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".