Bibliographic record
Abstract
Normally the intellectual property is defined as “asset” (Frankel, 2016, p. 21) in FTAs that allows the investors to protect their rights and interests when disputes arise. In 2010 and 2011, the Canadian courts made decisions that invalidated two patents protection on Strattera and Zyprexa, respectively. To protect its interests, Eli Lilly and Company brought a patent right dispute to ICSID in the late of 2012. According to the claims of Eli, the decisions of the Canadian courts can be deemed as the violation of Article 1110 (Expropriation) and Article 1105 (Minimum Standard of Treatment) of North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Although the Tribunal dismissed the claims of Eli in March 2017 eventually, the actions of Eli de facto challenged state sovereignty and decreased the discretion of Canada to define and regulate its internal intellectual property system (Billingsley, 2015, p. 27). This essay will first present a brief introduction of the Eli Lilly and Company v. Canada and will discuss the evaluation of the Tribunal’s decision in Part 2.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".