28-GHz Passive Frequency Tripler With n-Type Varactors in 45-nm SOI CMOS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A 28-GHz passive frequency tripler for 5G New Radio (NR) is demonstrated in 45-nm SOI CMOS. A symmetric antiparallel pair of series varactor (SAPSV) topology is proposed to reduce the conversion loss (CL) and increase the output power by realizing symmetric C-V curves with only n-type varactors and simplified dc biasing. Compact on-chip LC networks provide 13.6- and 20.1-dBc rejection for fundamental and second harmonics, respectively, from 27.1 to 32.4 GHz (17.8%). The measured minimum CL is 24.3 dB, and the maximum output power is -8 dBm. Conversion loss variation is not more than 3 dB when the input power range varies from 8 to 20 dBm. The tripler only adds a 9.66-dB integrated phase noise measured from 1 to 100 kHz at 28.95 GHz.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".