A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effect of Multi-ingredient Preworkout Supplementation on Strength, Exercise Volume, and Anaerobic Capacity in Healthy Resistance-Trained Individuals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study assessed the effectiveness of multi-ingredient preworkout supplements (MIPSs) when compared with placebo on strength, power, exercise volume, and anaerobic capacity in healthy resistance-trained individuals. Twenty-two ( n = 22) studies and 458 participants were included. Quality of outcomes was rated as low and was downgraded mostly because of imprecision and high risk of bias. Optimal forms and strategies on MIPS consumption and use has not yet been rigorously examined. Although improvements were noted for lower body strength (repetitions) and upper body power (Watts), most results were inconclusive, and the results showing improvements were presented in low-quality studies (see Video Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/SCJ/A276).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.017 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.013 | 0.015 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".