A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Effect of Multi-ingredient Preworkout Supplementation on Strength, Exercise Volume, and Anaerobic Capacity in Healthy Resistance-Trained Individuals
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT This study assessed the effectiveness of multi-ingredient preworkout supplements (MIPSs) when compared with placebo on strength, power, exercise volume, and anaerobic capacity in healthy resistance-trained individuals. Twenty-two ( n = 22) studies and 458 participants were included. Quality of outcomes was rated as low and was downgraded mostly because of imprecision and high risk of bias. Optimal forms and strategies on MIPS consumption and use has not yet been rigorously examined. Although improvements were noted for lower body strength (repetitions) and upper body power (Watts), most results were inconclusive, and the results showing improvements were presented in low-quality studies (see Video Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/SCJ/A276).
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it