The production of Spanish vowels by early and late Spanish-English bilinguals
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We examine the production of the Spanish vowels [a, e, i] by two groups of Spanish–English bilinguals plus a control group from the same dialectal area. The bilinguals differed in their age of onset of acquisition of English: the early bilinguals acquired English before puberty and the late bilinguals after puberty. Participants read a list of words containing the target sounds controlled by position, stress and phonetic context. Formant values ($F_1$ and $F_2$) were measured at 3 points in each vowel to investigate diphthongization. We hypothesized that early bilinguals’ production of vowels would exhibit (i) fronting, (ii) diphthongization and (iii) reduction, following the English norm. Hypotheses (i) and (ii) were confirmed. We discuss the influence of age of arrival on bilinguals’ performance.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it