Bibliographic record
Abstract
The pituitary gland The pituitary gland, which is also called the hypophysis , is attached to the hypothalamus at the base of the brain (Figure 3.1). Secretion of the hormones of the pituitary gland is regulated by the hypothalamus and it is through the hypothalamic-pituitary connection that external and internal stimuli can influence the release of the pituitary hormones, thus producing the neural-endocrine interaction. The pituitary has been called the body's “master gland” because its hormonal secretions stimulate a variety of endocrine glands to synthesize and secrete their own hormones. However, it is really the hypothalamus that is the master gland, because it controls the pituitary. The pituitary gland consists of two primary organs: the anterior pituitary ( adenohypophysis or pars distalis ) which is a true endocrine gland, and the posterior pituitary ( neurohypophysis ) which is formed from neural tissue and is an extension of the hypothalamus (Figure 3.1). The pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the pituitary (hypophyseal) stalk. Further details of the anatomy and physiology of the pituitary gland can be found elsewhere (Norman and Litwack 1997; Amar and Weiss 2003; Boron and Boulpaep 2005; Gardner and Shoback 2011). The neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) The neurohypophysis consists of neural tissue and contains the nerve terminals (about 100,000) of axons whose cell bodies are located in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) of the hypothalamus. The axons of these large magnocellular neurosecretory cells project down from the hypothalamus through the part of the pituitary stalk called the infundibulum and terminate in the posterior pituitary gland (Figure 3.2). The neurosecretory cells of the PVN and SON manufacture the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin (also called antidiuretic hormone, ADH), which are transported down the axons and stored in nerve terminals in the posterior pituitary. The axon terminals in the posterior pituitary are surrounded by supporting cells called pituicytes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".